Chishandiso chePCD chakagadzirwa nebanga remadhaimani repolycrystalline uye carbide matrix kuburikidza nekupisa kwakanyanya uye kusimba kwakanyanya. Hachingogone chete kupa zvakanakira kuomarara kwakanyanya, kupisa kwakanyanya, kukwesha kwakaderera, kuwedzera kwekupisa kwakaderera, kubatana kudiki nesimbi uye isiri-simbi, modulus yakakwira, isina kutsemuka pamusoro, isotropic, asiwo kufunga nezvesimba rakawanda realloy yakaoma.
Kugadzikana kwekupisa, kusimba kwemhedzisiro uye kuramba kupfeka ndizvo zviratidzo zvikuru zvePCD. Nekuti inonyanya kushandiswa munzvimbo dzinopisa zvakanyanya uye dzine kushushikana kwakanyanya, kusimba kwekupisa ndicho chinhu chakakosha. Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti kusimba kwekupisa kwePCD kune simba guru pakudzivirira kwayo kusimba kwemhedzisiro uye kusimba kwemhedzisiro. Data rinoratidza kuti kana tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura 750℃, kuramba kusimba kwemhedzisiro uye kusimba kwemhedzisiro kwePCD kunowanzo kudzikira ne5% -10%.
Mamiriro ekristaro ePCD anosarudza hunhu hwayo. Mumaumbirwo madiki, maatomu ekabhoni anoumba ma covalent bonds ane maatomu mana ari pedyo, anowana chimiro che tetrahedral, uye obva agadzira atomic crystal, ine simba rakasimba rekutungamira uye kusunga, uye kuomarara kwakanyanya. Main performance indexes ePCD ndeaya anotevera: ① kuomarara kunogona kusvika 8000 HV, ka8-12 ka carbide; ② thermal conductivity ndeye 700W / mK, ka1.5-9, kunyange yakakwirira kupfuura PCBN nemhangura; ③ friction coefficient inowanzova 0.1-0.3 chete, isingasviki 0.4-1 ye carbide, zvichideredza zvakanyanya simba rekucheka; ④ thermal expansion coefficient ingori 0.9x10-6-1.18x10-6,1/5 ye carbide, izvo zvinogona kuderedza thermal deformation uye kuvandudza processing accuracy; ⑤ uye zvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi hazvina hukama hwakawanda pakuumba nodules.
Cubic boron nitride ine simba guru rekudzivirira oxidation uye inogona kugadzirisa zvinhu zvine iron, asi kuoma kwayo kwakaderera pane single crystal diamond, kumhanya kwekugadzirisa kunononoka uye kushanda kwayo kwakaderera. Single crystal diamond ine kuoma kwakanyanya, asi kuoma kwayo hakuna kukwana. Anisotropy inoita kuti zvive nyore kupatsanurwa pamusoro (111) pasi pesimba rekunze, uye kushanda kwayo kwakaderera. PCD ipolymer yakagadzirwa ne micron-size diamond particles nenzira dzakasiyana. Kusagadzikana kwekuunganidza kwezvikamu kunotungamira kune macroscopic isotropic hunhu hwayo, uye hapana divi uye cleavage surface mu tensile strength. Kana tichienzanisa ne single-crystal diamond, muganhu wePCD unoderedza anisotropy zvinobudirira uye unogadzirisa hunhu hwe mechanical.
1. Mazano ekugadzira maturusi ekucheka ePCD
(1) Sarudzo ine musoro yehukuru hwePCD particle
Padzidziso, PCD inofanira kuedza kunatsa tsanga, uye kugoverwa kwezvinowedzera pakati pezvigadzirwa kunofanira kunge kwakafanana sezvinobvira kuti kukunde anisotropy. Sarudzo yehukuru hwePCD particle ine chekuitawo nemamiriro ekugadzirisa. Kazhinji, PCD ine simba guru, kusimba kwakanaka, kuramba kukanganiswa kwakanaka uye tsanga yakanaka inogona kushandiswa pakupedzisa kana kupedzisa zvakanyanya, uye PCD yetsanga dzakakora inogona kushandiswa pakugadzira rough general. Saizi yePCD particle inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya mashandiro ekupfeka kwechishandiso. Mabhuku akakodzera anotaura kuti kana tsanga yezvinhu zvakabikwa yakakura, kuramba kusakara kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma nekudzikira kwehukuru hwetsanga, asi kana tsanga iri diki kwazvo, mutemo uyu haushande.
Kuedza kwakafanana kwakasarudza upfu hwemadhaimani mana ane avhareji yehukuru hwezvimedu zve10um, 5um, 2um uye 1um, uye zvakagumiswa kuti: ① Nekudzikira kwehukuru hwezvimedu zvechigadzirwa, Co inopararira zvakaenzana; nekudzikira kwe②, kuramba kupfeka uye kuramba kupisa kwePCD kwakadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma.
(2) Sarudzo ine musoro yechimiro chemuromo webanga uye ukobvu hwebanga
Chimiro chemuromo webanga chinosanganisira zvivakwa zvina: mupendero wakapindurwa, denderedzwa rakapfava, mupendero wakapindurwa wakapfava uye kona yakapinza. Chimiro chakapinza chekona chinoita kuti mupendero uve wakapinza, kumhanya kwekucheka kunokurumidza, kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya simba rekucheka uye burr, kunatsiridza mhando yepamusoro yechigadzirwa, kwakakodzera zvakanyanya silicon alloy yakaderera uye kuomarara kwakaderera, kupedzisa simbi isina ferrous yakafanana. Chimiro chakatenderera chakapfava chinogona kusunungura muromo webanga, kugadzira R Angle, kudzivirira blade kutyoka, kwakakodzera kugadzirisa medium / high silicon alloy. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha, zvakaita sekudzika kwekucheka kushoma uye kudya mapanga madiki, chimiro chakatenderera chakapfava chinofarirwa. Chimiro chemupendero wakapindurwa chinogona kuwedzera mipendero nemakona, kudzikamisa banga, asi panguva imwe chete chinowedzera kumanikidzwa uye kuramba kucheka, chakakodzera zvakanyanya kucheka mutoro unorema wesilicon alloy yakakwira.
Kuti EDM iite nyore, sarudza jira rakatetepa rePDC (0.3-1.0mm), pamwe nejira recarbide, ukobvu hwese hwechishandiso hunenge 28mm. Rudzi rwecarbide harufanirwe kunge rwakakora zvakanyanya kudzivirira kupatsanurwa kunokonzerwa nemusiyano wekumanikidzwa pakati penzvimbo dzinobatana.
2, maitiro ekugadzira zvishandiso zvePCD
Maitiro ekugadzira chishandiso chePCD anosarudza zvakananga mashandiro ekucheka uye hupenyu hwebasa rechishandiso, chinova chinhu chikuru chekushandiswa kwaro nekugadzirwa kwaro. Maitiro ekugadzira chishandiso chePCD anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 5.
(1) Kugadzirwa kwemapiritsi ePCD composite (PDC)
① Maitiro ekugadzira PDC
PDC inowanzo gadzirwa nehupfu hwedhaimani yechisikigo kana yekugadzira uye chinosunga pakupisa kwakanyanya (1000-2000℃) uye kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya (5-10 atm). Chinosunga chinogadzira bhiriji rinosunga rine TiC, Sic, Fe, Co, Ni, nezvimwewo sezvikamu zvikuru, uye kristalo yedhaimani inoiswa mumapfupa ebhiriji rinosunga muchimiro che covalent bond. PDC inowanzo gadzirwa kuita madhisiki ane dhayamita yakagadzika uye ukobvu, uye kukuya nekukwenenzverwa uye mamwe marapirwo emuviri nemakemikari anoenderana. Muchidimbu, chimiro chakakodzera chePDC chinofanira kuchengetedza hunhu hwakanaka hwedhaimani imwe chete yekristaro zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, saka, zvinowedzerwa mumuviri we sintering zvinofanira kunge zvishoma sezvinobvira, panguva imwe chete, musanganiswa we particle DD bond zvakanyanya sezvinobvira,
② Kupatsanura uye kusarudzwa kwezvisungo
Chinosunga ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chinokanganisa kugadzikana kwekupisa kwechishandiso chePCD, icho chinokanganisa zvakananga kuoma kwayo, kuramba kupfeka uye kugadzikana kwekupisa. Nzira dzakajairika dzekubatanidza PCD ndeidzi: iron, cobalt, nickel nedzimwe simbi dzekuchinja. Co neW powder zvakasanganiswa zvakashandiswa semushonga wekubatanidza, uye kushanda kwakakwana kwePCD yekusvina kwaive kwakanakisa apo kumanikidzwa kwekugadzira kwaive 5.5 GPa, tembiricha yekusvina yaive 1450℃ uye insulation kwemaminitsi mana. SiC, TiC, WC, TiB2, nezvimwe zvinhu zveceramic. SiC Kugadzikana kwekupisa kweSiC kuri nani pane kweCo, asi kuomarara uye kusimba kwekupwanyika kwakaderera. Kuderedzwa kwakakodzera kwehukuru hwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa kunogona kuvandudza kuomarara uye kusimba kwePCD. Hapana glue, ine graphite kana zvimwe zvinounzwa nekabhoni mukupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kupiswa kuita nanoscale polymer diamond (NPD). Kushandisa graphite senzira yekugadzirira NPD ndiyo mamiriro anonyanya kuoma, asi synthetic NPD ine kuomarara kwakanyanya uye hunhu hwakanakisa hwemakanika.
Kusarudzwa uye kudzorwa kwe ③ tsanga
Upfu hwedhaimani hwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa mashandiro ePCD. Kugadzirira dhaimani micropowder, kuwedzera huwandu hushoma hwezvinhu zvinotadzisa kukura kwemadhaimani asina kujairika uye kusarudza zvine musoro zvinhu zvinosimbisa kukura kwemadhaimani asina kujairika.
NPD yakachena ine chimiro chakafanana inogona kubvisa anisotropy zvinobudirira uye kuwedzera kuvandudza hunhu hwemuchina. Upfu hwe nanographite precursor hwakagadzirwa nenzira yekukuya bhora rine simba guru hwakashandiswa kudzora huwandu hweokisijeni pakupisa kwakanyanya usati waisa, zvichishandura graphite kuita dhaimani pasi pe18 GPa uye 2100-2300℃, zvichigadzira lamella negranular NPD, uye kuomarara kwacho kwakawedzera nekudzikira kweukobvu hwelamella.
④ Kurapwa kwemakemikari kunonoka
Pakupisa kumwe chete (200 ° ℃) nenguva (20h), simba rekubvisa cobalt reLewis acid-FeCl3 raive nani pane remvura, uye chiyero chakanaka cheHCl chaive 10-15g / 100ml. Kugadzikana kwekupisa kwePCD kunovandudzika sezvo kudzika kwekubvisa cobalt kuchiwedzera. Kune PCD yakakura zvine mwero, kurapwa kweasidhi yakasimba kunogona kubvisa Co, asi kune simba guru pakushanda kwepolymer; kuwedzera TiC neWC kuti ichinje chimiro chepolycrystal yakagadzirwa uye kusanganisa nekurapa kweasidhi yakasimba kuti PCD ivandudze kugadzikana. Parizvino, maitiro ekugadzirira zvinhu zvePCD ari kuvandudzika, kuoma kwechigadzirwa kwakanaka, anisotropy yavandudzwa zvikuru, yaona kugadzirwa kwekutengeserana, maindasitiri ane hukama ari kukura nekukurumidza.
(2) Kugadziriswa kwebanga rePCD
① maitiro ekucheka
PCD ine kuomarara kwakanyanya, kuramba kupfeka zvakanaka uye maitiro ekucheka akaoma zvikuru.
② nzira yekushongedza
PDC nemuviri webanga uchishandisa mechanical clamp, bonding uye brazing. Brazing ndeyekudzvanya PDC pa carbide matrix, kusanganisira vacuum brazing, vacuum diffusion welding, high frequency induction heating brazing, laser welding, nezvimwewo. High frequency induction heating brazing ine mutengo wakaderera uye inodzoka zvakanyanya, uye yave ichishandiswa zvakanyanya. Hunhu hwe welding hunoenderana ne flux, welding alloy uye welding tembiricha. Welding tembiricha (kazhinji yakaderera pane 700 ° ℃) ine simba guru, tembiricha yakanyanya, iri nyore kukonzera PCD graphitization, kana kutopisa zvakanyanya, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakananga welding effect, uye tembiricha yakaderera ichaita kuti welding isisakwane. Welding tembiricha inogona kudzorwa nenguva ye insulation uye kudzika kwePCD redness.
③ nzira yekukuya banga
Maitiro ekukuya maturusi ePCD ndiwo musimboti wemaitiro ekugadzira. Kazhinji, kukosha kwepamusoro kwebanga nebanga kuri mukati me5um, uye arc radius iri mukati me4um; nzvimbo yekucheka yekumberi neyekumashure inoita kuti pave nekupedzwa kwenzvimbo, uye inotoderedza nzvimbo yekucheka yekumberi Ra kusvika 0.01 μ m kuti ienderane nezvinodiwa negirazi, inoita kuti machipisi ayerere pamusoro pebanga repamberi uye kudzivirira banga kunamira.
Maitiro ekukuya maburi anosanganisira kukuya mavhiri edhaimani, kukuya maburi emagetsi (EDG), kukuya kwesimbi kwakasimba, kukuya mavhiri online electrolytic finishing blade grinding (ELID), kukuya maburi ecomposite. Pakati pazvo, kukuya mavhiri edhaimani ndiko kwakanyanya kukura, uye kunonyanya kushandiswa.
Kuedza kwakafanana: 1. Kugadzira vhiri rekukuya rine matinji akakora kuchaita kuti banga riputsike zvakanyanya, uye saizi yevhiri rekukuya inoderera, uye mhando yedanda inova nani; saizi yevhiri rekukuya ine hukama hwakasimba nehunhu hwematinji akakora kana matinji akakora ePCD, asi ine simba shoma pamatinji ePCD ane matinji akakora.
Ongororo dzakabatana dziri kuitwa kumba nekune dzimwe nyika dzinonyanya kutarisa mashandiro uye maitiro ekukuya banga. Munzira yekukuya banga, kubvisa thermochemical uye kubvisa michina ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha, uye kubvisa brittle uye kubvisa kuneta kudiki. Pakukuya, zvichienderana nesimba uye kuramba kupisa kwemavhiri akasiyana-siyana ekukuya edhaimani, vandudza kumhanya uye kutenderera kwevhiri rekukuya kusvika pazvinogoneka, dzivisa brittle uye kubvisa kuneta, vandudza huwandu hwekubvisa thermochemical, uye deredza roughness pamusoro. Kuoma kwegrind yakaoma kwakaderera, asi zviri nyore nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya, kupisa pamusoro pechishandiso,
Maitiro ekukuya banga anofanira kutariswa ne: ① Sarudza maparamita ekugadzirisa kugaya banga akakodzera, anogona kuita kuti muromo wemuromo uve wakanaka kwazvo, kupedzisa pamusoro pebanga repamberi nerekumashure kuve kwakakwirira. Zvisinei, fungawo nezvesimba guru rekukuya, kurasikirwa kukuru, kushanda kwakaderera kwekukuya, mutengo wakakwira; ② Sarudza mhando yevhiri rekukuya inonzwisisika, kusanganisira mhando yebinder, saizi yezvikamu, huwandu, binder, grinding wheel dressing, nemamiriro ekukuya akaoma uye akanyorova, anogona kugadzirisa kona yekumberi neyekumashure yechishandiso, kukosha kwepasi pechishandiso nezvimwe zvinhu, ukuwo achivandudza mhando yepamusoro yechishandiso.
Mavhiri akasiyana ekukuya edhaimani ane hunhu hwakasiyana, uye maitiro akasiyana ekukuya uye mhedzisiro. Mavhiri ejecha redhaimani reResin binder akapfava, Zvidimbu zvekukuya zviri nyore kudonha nguva isati yakwana, Hazvina kudzivirira kupisa, Pamusoro pacho panogona kukanganiswa nekupisa, Pamusoro pebanga panogona kusakara, Hukukutu hwakakura; Mavhiri ekukuya edhaimani esimbi anoramba akapinza nekupwanya, Kuumbwa kwakanaka, pamusoro, Hukukutu hwakaderera hwekukuya kwebanga, Kushanda kwakanyanya, Zvisinei, kugona kwekukuya kunoita kuti kuzvirodza kuve kwakashata, Uye mupendero wekucheka uri nyore kusiya gap rekukuvara, Kukonzera kukuvara kwakakomba; Mavhiri ekukuya edhaimani eCeramic binder ane simba riri pakati nepakati, Kushanda kwakanaka kwekuzvikurudzira, Maburi akawanda emukati, Anofarira kubvisa guruva uye kupisa, Inogona kuchinjika kune akasiyana-siyana e coolant, Tembiricha yakaderera yekukuya, Mavhiri ekukuya haana kupfeka zvakanyanya, Kuchengetedza chimiro kwakanaka, Kururama kwekushanda kwepamusoro, Zvisinei, muviri wekukuya nedhaimani unotungamira pakuumbwa kwemakomba pamusoro pechishandiso. Shandisa zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvekugadzirisa, kushanda kwakakwana kwekukuya, kugara kwenguva refu uye mhando yepamusoro yechishandiso.
Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pekushanda zvakanaka kwekugaya inonyanya kutarisa pakuvandudza kugadzirwa uye mutengo wekudzora. Kazhinji, chiyero chekukuya Q (PCD removal per unit time) uye chiyero chekupfeka G (chiyero chekubviswa kwePCD kusvika pakurasikirwa nevhiri rekukuya) zvinoshandiswa senzira yekuongorora.
Chishandiso cheGerman cheKENTER chekukuya PCD chine kumanikidzwa kunogara kuripo, bvunzo: ① inowedzera kumhanya kwevhiri rekukuya, saizi yezvidimbu zvePDC uye huwandu hwezvinotonhodza, chiyero chekukuya uye chekupfeka zvinodzikira; ② inowedzera saizi yezvidimbu zvekukuya, inowedzera kumanikidzwa kunogara kuripo, inowedzera huwandu hwedhaimani muvhiri rekukuya, chiyero chekukuya uye huwandu hwekupfeka hunowedzera; ③ mhando yebinder yakasiyana, chiyero chekukuya uye chiyero chekupfeka zvakasiyana. KENTER Maitiro ekukuya kwebanga echishandiso chePCD akadzidzwa zvakarongeka, asi pesvedzero yemaitiro ekukuya kwebanga haina kuongororwa zvakarongeka.
3. Kushandiswa uye kutadza kwezvishandiso zvekucheka zvePCD
(1) Kusarudzwa kwezviyero zvekucheka maturusi
Munguva yekutanga yekushandisa PCD tool, muromo wemucheto wakapinza waingodonha zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kunaka kwenzvimbo yekushanda kwacho kwakava nani. Passivation inogona kubvisa zvakanaka nzvimbo diki uye maburi madiki anounzwa nekukuya kwebanga, kuvandudza kunaka kwenzvimbo yekucheka, uye panguva imwe chete, kugadzira denderedzwa remucheto rekugadzirisa nzvimbo yakagadziriswa, nokudaro ichivandudza kunaka kwenzvimbo yebasa.
PCD tool surface milling aluminum alloy, kucheka kumhanya kunowanzova mu4000m/min, kugadzira maburi kunowanzova mu800m/min, kucheka simbi isina ferrous inofanira kutora kumhanya kwakanyanya (300-1000m/min). Kudya kunokurudzirwa pakati pe0.08-0.15mm/r. Kudya kwakakura kwazvo, simba rekucheka rakawedzera, nzvimbo yakasara yegeometric yenzvimbo yebasa; kutakura kudiki kwazvo, kupisa kwakawedzera, uye kupera kwakawedzera. Kudzika kwekucheka kunowedzera, simba rekucheka rinowedzera, kupisa kwekucheka kunowedzera, hupenyu hwekucheka hunoderera, kudzika kwakawandisa kwekucheka kunogona kukonzera kudonha kwebanga; kudzika kudiki kwekucheka kuchaita kuti machining aome, kupera uye kunyange kudonha kwebanga.
(2) Fomu rekupfeka
Chishandiso chekugadzirisa maturusi, nekuda kwekukweshana, kupisa kwakanyanya nezvimwe zvikonzero, kupfeka hakudzivisiki. Kupera kwechinhu chedhaimani kune matanho matatu: chikamu chekutanga chekupfeka nekukurumidza (chinozivikanwawo sechikamu chekuchinja), chikamu chekupfeka chakagadzikana chine mwero wekupfeka unogara uchichinja, uye chikamu chinotevera chekupfeka nekukurumidza. Chikamu chekupfeka nekukurumidza chinoratidza kuti chishandiso hachisi kushanda uye chinoda kukuyiwa patsva. Mhando dzekupfeka dzezvishandiso zvekucheka dzinosanganisira kupfeka kwenamira (kupfeka kwewelding inotonhora), kupfeka kwekuparadzira, kupfeka kweabrasive, kupfeka kweoxidation, nezvimwewo.
Kusiyana nezvishandiso zvechinyakare, chimiro chekupfeka kwezvishandiso zvePCD ndechekupfeka kweglue, kupararira kweganda uye kukuvara kwepolycrystalline layer. Pakati pazvo, kukuvara kwepolycrystal layer ndicho chikonzero chikuru, chinoonekwa sekudonha kwebanga kunokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kwekunze kana kurasikirwa kweglue muPDC, zvichigadzira mukaha, unova wekukuvara kwemuviri, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukuderera kwekunyatsorongeka kwekugadzirisa uye zvidimbu zvezvishandiso. Saizi yePCD particle, chimiro cheblade, blade Angle, workpiece material uye processing parameters zvinokanganisa simba reblade blade uye simba rekucheka, uye zvobva zvakonzera kukuvara kwepolycrystal layer. Mukuita kweinjiniya, saizi yakakodzera yezvikamu zvezvishandiso, ma tool parameters uye processing parameters zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa zvichienderana nemamiriro ekugadzirisa.
4. Mafambiro ekuvandudza maturusi ekucheka ePCD
Parizvino, huwandu hwekushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvePCD hwakawedzerwa kubva pakushandura kwechinyakare kuenda pakuboora, kugaya, kucheka nekukurumidza, uye kwave kuchishandiswa zvakanyanya munyika nekune dzimwe nyika. Kukurumidza kukura kwemotokari dzemagetsi hakuna kungounza chete simba kuindasitiri yemotokari dzechinyakare, asiwo kwakaunza matambudziko asina kumboitika kuindasitiri yezvishandiso, zvichikurudzira indasitiri yezvishandiso kuti ikurumidze kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa zvinhu zvitsva.
Kushandiswa kwakakura kwezvishandiso zvekucheka zvePCD kwakawedzera uye kwakasimudzira kutsvagisa nekugadzira zvishandiso zvekucheka. Nekuwedzera kwekutsvaga, magadzirirwo ePDC ari kuramba achiwedzera kuderera, kugadzirisa mhando yekunatswa kwezviyo, kufanana kwekushanda, chiyero chekukuya uye kupfeka chiri kuwedzera, kusiyanisa chimiro nechimiro. Nzira dzekutsvagisa dzezvishandiso zvePCD dzinosanganisira: ① tsvaga nekugadzira layer yakatetepa yePCD; ② tsvaga nekugadzira zvishandiso zvitsva zvePCD; ③ tsvaga kuti pave nemidziyo yePCD yekunamira zviri nani uye kuderedza mutengo; ④ tsvakiridzo inovandudza maitiro ekukuya kwebanga rezvishandiso zvePCD kuti ivandudze kushanda zvakanaka; ⑤ tsvakiridzo inogadzirisa maparameter ezvishandiso zvePCD uye inoshandisa zvishandiso zvichienderana nemamiriro enzvimbo; ⑥ tsvakiridzo inosarudza maparameter ekucheka zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakagadziriswa.
pfupiso pfupi
(1) Kushanda kwekucheka maturusi ePCD, kuzadzisa kushomeka kwematurusi akawanda ecarbide; panguva imwe chete, mutengo wakaderera zvikuru pane chishandiso chimwe chete chekristaro chedhaimani, mukucheka kwemazuva ano, chishandiso chinovimbisa;
(2) Zvichienderana nerudzi uye mashandiro ezvinhu zvakagadziriswa, sarudzo yakakodzera yehukuru hwezvimedu uye maparamita ezvishandiso zvePCD, inova ndiyo pfungwa yekugadzira nekushandisa zvishandiso,
(3) Zvinhu zvePCD zvine kuomarara kwakanyanya, izvo zviri zvinhu zvakanaka pakucheka banga, asi zvinounzawo kuoma pakugadzira maturusi ekucheka. Pakugadzira, fungai zvakadzama nezvekuoma kwemaitiro uye zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa, kuitira kuti muwane kushanda kwakanakisa kwemutengo;
(4) Zvinhu zvekugadzirisa PCD mudunhu rebanga, tinofanira kusarudza zvine musoro maparamita ekucheka, zvichienderana nekusangana nekushanda kwechigadzirwa, kusvika pazvinogoneka kuti tiwedzere hupenyu hwechishandiso kuitira kuti tiwane kuenzana kwehupenyu hwechishandiso, kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira uye mhando yechigadzirwa;
(5) Tsvagiridza nekugadzira zvishandiso zvitsva zvePCD kuti zvikunde matambudziko ayo aripo
Nyaya iyi yakabva ku "network yezvinhu zvakaoma kwazvo"
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-25-2025
